Table 2 Personal history of psychiatric disorders, psychopathology, functioning, baseline exposure to psychiatric treatments in the whole sample and subgroups

Personal history of any DSM-5 psychiatric disorder

 Number of DSM-5 diagnoses, mean ± SD

1.62 ± 1.4

1.5 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.7

1.4 ± 0.7

.039*

 Number of diagnoses ≥ 3, n(%)

9(7.8)

2(4.0)

6(12.8)

1(5.3)

0.247

 Onset of psychiatric symptoms, months, median (IQR25,75)

18.0(8.0,48.0)

21.0(8.0, 60.0)

18.0(8.0, 48.0)

18.0(9.0, 48.0)

0.94

Type of DSM-5 diagnoses, n(%)

 Depressive disorders

43(37.1)

18(36.0)

21(44.7)

4(21.1)

0.155

 Anxiety disorders

28(24.1)

13(26.0)

13(27.7)

2(10.5)

0.273

 Personality disorders

25(21.6)

9(18.0)

15(31.9)

1(5.3)

.035*

 Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

7(6.0)

3(6.0)

2(4.3)

2(10.5)

0.656

 Eating disorders

15(12.9)

6(12.0)

8(17.0)

1(5.3)

0.394

 Bipolar symptoms

6(5.2)

0.0(0.0)

6(12.8)

0(0.0)

.009*

 Conversion disorder

5(4.3)

2(4.0)

3(6.4)

0 (0)

0.494

 Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders

4(3.4)

1(2.0)

2(4.3)

1(5.3)

0.753

 Others^a

26(22.4)

12(24.0)

6(12.8)

8(42.1)

.042*

Specific psychiatric disorders

 Depressive disorders

0.330

  Major depressive disorder

15(12.9)

5(10)

8(17.0)

2.0(10.5)

  Other specified depressive disorder

25(21.6)

13(26.0)

10(21.3)

2(10.5)

  Persistent depressive disorder

2(1.7)

0(0.0)

2(4.3)

0(0.0)

 Anxiety disorders

0.499

  Generalized anxiety disorder

5(4.3)

1(2.0)

3(6.4)

1(5.3)

  Social anxiety disorder

3(2.6)

1(2.0)

1(2.1)

1(5.3)

  Other specified anxiety disorder

11(9.5)

7(14.0)

4(8.5)

0(0)

  Separation anxiety disorder

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

0(0)

  Panic disorder

6(5.2)

2(4.0)

4(8.5)

0(0)

 Personality disorders (PD)

0.116

  Borderline

11(9.5)

3(6.0)

7(14.9)

1(5.3)

  Others PD^b

14(12.1)

6(12.0)

8(17.0)

0(0)

 Eating disorders

0.140

  Anorexia nervosa

10(8.6)

2(4.0)

7(14.9)

1(5.3)

  Others (bulimia/binge eating)

5(4.3)

4(8.0)

1(2.1)

0 (0)

 Bipolar symptoms

0.099

  Bipolar I or II symptoms

4(3.4)

0(0.0)

4(8.5)

0(0)

  Other specified bipolar symptoms

1(0.9)

0(0.0)

1(2.1)

0(0)

 Psychosis

  Psychosis

5 (4.31)

1 (2.0) ^c

0 (0)

4 (21.05)

  APS

47 (40.52)

0 (0)

47 (100)

0 (0)

  Other psychotic disorder

14 (12.07)

5 (10.0)

0 (0)

9 (47.37)

Presence of negative symptoms, n (%)

90(77.6)

33(66.0)

39(83.0)

18(94.7)

.020*

CAARMS median (IRQ 25,75)

P1. Unusual thought content

 Severity

1.0(0.0,4.0)

0.0(0.0,0.75)

2.0(1.0, 4.0)

5.0(2.0,5.0)

 < .001**

 Frequency

2.0(0.0,4.0)

0.0 (0.0,0.75)

3.0(1.5, 4.5)

5.0(3.0,5.0)

 < .001**

P2. Non-bizarre ideas

 Severity

2.0(0.0, 4.0)

0.0(0.0,2.0)

3.0(2.0, 4.0)

5.0(5.0,6.0)

 < .001**

 Frequency

3.0(0.0, 5.0)

0.0(0.0,2.0)

4.0(1.5, 5.0)

5.0 (5.0, 6.0)

 < .001**

P3. Perceptual abnormalities

 Severity

3.0(0.0,4.0)

0.0(0.0,2.0)

3.0(2.0,4.0)

5.0(4.0,5.0)

 < .001**

 Frequency

2.0(0.0,4.0)

0.0(0.0,1.7)

3.0(1.0,4.0)

4.0(3.0,5.0)

 < .001**

P4. Disorganized speech

 Severity

1.5(0,3.0)

0.0(0.0,0.7)

2.0(0.0,3.0)

3.0 (2.0,5.0)

 < .001**

 Frequency

1.0(0.0,4.0)

0.0(0.0,1.0)

3.0(0.0,4.0)

5.0(3.0,6.0)

 < .001**

Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) median (IRQ 25, 75)

4.0 (3.0, 6.0)

3.0 (3.0, 4.0)

5.0 (4.0, 6.0)

6.0 (6.0, 6.0)

 < .001**

 Functioning

  Current SOFAS median (IRQ 25,75)

51.0 (40.0,60.0)

60.0 (55.0,70.0)

50.0 (40.0,53.0)

32.0 (30.0,41.0)

 <.001**

  Current role functioning (GF:R) median (IRQ 25,75)

5.0 (3.0, 6.0)

6.0 (5.0,7.0)

4.0 (3.0,6.0)

3.0 (2.0,3.0)

 < .001**

  Current social functioning (GF:S) median (IRQ 25,75)

5.0 (3.0,7.0)

6.0 (5.0,7.75)

5.0 (3.0,6.0)

3.0 (2.0,4.0)

 < .001**

  Global assessment functioning (CGAS)

50.0 (40.0,60.0)

60.0 (51.0,70.0)

50.0 (41.0,50.0)

35.0 (30.0,40.0)

 < .001**

 Before baseline exposure to psychiatric treatments

  Psychotropic drugs, yes, n (%)

46 (39.7)

11 (22.0)

22 (46.0)

13 (86.0)

 < .001**

  Number of psychotropic drugs, median (min, max)

0.0 (0.0,4.0)

0.0 (0.0,3.0)

0.0 (0.0,4.0)

1.0 (0.0,3.0)

0.11

Type of psychotropic drugs, n (%)

 Antipsychotics

23 (19.8)

4 (8.0)

10 (21.3)

9 (47.4)

.002*

 Antidepressants

22 (19.0)

7 (14.0)

11 (23.4)

4 (21.1)

0.511

 Benzodiazepines

23 (19.8)

3 (6.0)

13 (27.7)

7 (36.8)

.005*

 Mood stabilizers

4.0 (3.4)

1 (2.0)

2 (4.3)

1 (5.3)

0.765

Duration of psychotropic treatment, days, median (IQR 25, 75)

0.0 (0.0,30.0)

0.0 (0.0,0.0)

0.0 (0.0,6.0)

2.0 (0.0,24.0)

.009*

 Before baseline exposure to psychiatric treatments

  Drugs prescription during baseline, yes, n (%)

72 (62.1)

19 (38.0)

36 (76.6)

17 (89.5)

 < .001**

  Antipsychotics

41 (35.3)

7 (14.0)

18 (38.3)

16 (84.2)

 < .001**

  Antidepressants

44 (37.9)

14 (28.0)

22 (46.8)

8 (42.1)

0.168

  Benzodiazepines

26 (22.4)

6 (12.0)

12 (25.5)

8 (42.1)

.031*

  Mood stabilizers

7 (6.0)

1 (2.0)

4 (8.5)

1 (10.5)

0.291

 Psychotherapy, yes, n (%)

51 (44.0)

20 (40.0)

23 (48.9)

8 (42.1)

0.666

 Psychotherapy duration, days, median (IQR 25, 75)

0.0 (0.0,12.0)

0.0 (0.0,10.0)

1.0 (0.0, 10.5)

0.0 (0.0,12.0)

0.960