Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore

Table 3 Number of specific physical disciplines endorsed by parents at each assessment

Age of Assessment (Questionnaire)/Parent	Number of Specific Physical Disciplines Endorsed
Age of Assessment (Questionnaire)/Parent	None %^a	One %^a	Two %^a	Three %^a
Age 4.5 (PSDQ)^b
Mother (n = 399)	10	28	31	31
Age 6 (APQ)^c
Mother (n = 538)	7	26	36	32
Father (n = 44)	14	25	36	25
Age 9 (PSDQ)^b
Mother (n = 414)	17	30	27	26
Father (n = 168)	20	27	30	23
Age 11 (PSDQ)^b
Mother (n = 393)	26	30	25	19

^aPercentage of children in relation to the number of specific physical disciplines out of three that their parents reported using, regardless of frequency of use
^bIn the PSDQ at the age 4.5, 9, and 11 assessments, parents were asked regarding their use of spanking, slapping, and grabbing
^cIn the APQ at the age 6 assessment, parents were asked regarding their use of spanking, slapping, and hitting with an object

ISSN: 1753-2000