Factors associated with mental health of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands

Table 3 Results of the regression analyses for the six mental health outcomes

	Anger	Anxiety	Depression	Sleep	Positive affect	Self-regulation
Child age	< 0.01	0.03	0.05*	− 0.21***	− 0.08***	0.04*
Child sex	0.09***	− 0.04*	< .01	− 0.03	< 0.01	− 0.05*
Caregiver sex	< − 0.01	− 0.02	< − 0.01	− 0.03	− 0.03	0.06**
Relationship status	− 0.05*	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.02	< 0.01	0.02
Direct COVID-19 exposure
COVID-19 infection	− 0.04*	− 0.02	− 0.02	0.01	< − 0.01	0.02
Death due to COVID-19	0.02	0.03	< 0.01	0.04	0.03	-0.02
Family related COVID-19 factors
Negative COVID-19 impact	0.18***	0.24***	0.24***	0.15***	-0.21***	-0.17***
Positive COVID-19 impact	− 0.08***	0.01	− 0.02	− 0.07**	0.15***	0.12***
Active emotion regulation	0.13***	0.09***	0.07***	0.09***	− 0.01	− 0.03
Avoidant emotion regulation	0.03	0.08***	0.06**	0.02	− 0.04	0.01
Information-focused emotion regulation	0.05*	0.11***	0.05*	0.08***	− 0.04	< -0.01
Caregiver’s distress
Caregiver’s mental health problems	0.09***	0.14***	0.15***	0.13***	− 0.03	− 0.09***
Feelings of rejection	0.28***	0.10***	0.16***	0.09***	− 0.29***	− 0.35***
R²	0.27	0.24	0.25	0.14	0.27	0.29
F	55.33***	46.87***	49.43***	25.02***	54.28***	60.24***

Standardized regression coefficients (i.e., beta) are presented. Child and caregiver sex was operationalized with 0 = ‘female’ and 1 = ‘male/other’. Relationship status: 0 = ‘not in a relationship’ and 1 = ‘in a relationship’. Caregiver COVID-19 infection: 0 = ‘no’, 1 = ‘yes’. Death due to COVID: 0 = ‘no’, 1 = ‘yes’. Sleep = sleeping problems

ISSN: 1753-2000