Table 1 Characteristics of the Sample (12,130 12–14-Year-Old Adolescents) and Descriptive Information of Study Variables
Variable | Value | Description | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adversity variables (T1) | n | % | ||
Bullying Victimisation (9.05% Missing Data) | Responded ‘quite a lot’ or more in at least 1 of the 3 #BeeWell items on bullying: physically bullied at school, bullied in other ways at school, and cyber-bullied Timing of adversity exposure: in the 6 months leading up to survey response in Autumn 2021 (T1) | Items adapted from the Understanding Society Youth Questionnaire [39] and the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40] | ||
Yes | 1876 | (17.01%) | ||
No | 9156 | (82.99%) | ||
Free School Meal Eligibility (2.80% Missing Data) | Eligible for free school meals in the previous 6 years Timing of adversity exposure: age from 6/7 to 12/13 | Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities | ||
Yes | 2835 | (24.05%) | ||
No | 8955 | (75.95%) | ||
Neighbourhood Socio-Economic Disadvantage (3.80% Missing Data) | Lives in a neighbourhood that belongs to the most deprived decile in the 2019 Index of Mulitple Deprivation (IMD) Time of adversity exposure: between 0 and 12/13 years | Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities | ||
Yes | 2814 | (24.12%) | ||
No | 8855 | (75.88%) | ||
Home Material Deprivation (8.14% Missing Data) | Score of less than 5 on the 0–10 #BeeWell item on home material deprivation ("How happy are you with the things that you have (like money and the things that you own)?"; 0 = very unhappy, 10 = very happy) Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item from the Good Childhood Index [41] | ||
Yes | 368 | (3.30%) | ||
No | 10,755 | (96.70%) | ||
Racial Discrimination (8.91% Missing Data) | Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on racial discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your race, skin colour or where you were born") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42] | ||
Yes | 3022 | (27.35%) | ||
No | 8027 | (72.65%) | ||
Gender Discrimination (9.33% Missing Data) | Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on gender discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your gender") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42] | ||
Yes | 2321 | (21.10%) | ||
No | 8677 | (78.90%) | ||
Sexuality Discrimination (10.66% Missing Data) | Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on sexuality discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your sexual orientation") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42] | ||
Yes | 1761 | (16.16%) | ||
No | 9137 | (83.84%) | ||
Disability Discrimination (9.77% Missing Data) | Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on disability discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your disability") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42] | ||
Yes | 1310 | (11.97%) | ||
No | 9635 | (88.03%) | ||
Religious Discrimination (9.51% Missing Data) | Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on religious discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your religion/faith") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42] | ||
Yes | 1801 | (16.41%) | ||
No | 9176 | (83.59%) | ||
Special Educational Needs (1.45% Missing Data) | Identified by the local authority as having special educational needs or disability Time of adversity exposure: age 4 to 12/13 | Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities | ||
Yes | 1,759 | (14.71%) | ||
No | 10,195 | (85.29%) | ||
Feeling Unsafe in Local Area (7.86% Missing Data) | Responded 'disagree'/'strongly disagree' to the #BeeWell local environment item on safety in the local area ('I feel safe in the area where I live') Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item adapted from the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40] | ||
Yes | 686 | (6.14%) | ||
No | 10,490 | (93.86%) | ||
Unhappy with Home Environment (7.94% Missing Data) | Score of less than 5 on the 0–10 #BeeWell item on home environment ("How happy are you with the home that you live in?"; 0 = very unhappy, 10 = very happy) Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item from the Good Childhood Index [41] | ||
Yes | 587 | (5.26%) | ||
No | 10,580 | (94.74%) | ||
Caregiving Responsibilities (9.20% Missing Data) | Responded 'yes' to the #BeeWell item on caregiving responsibility ("Do you care for a family member who has an illness, disability, mental health condition, or drug/alcohol dependency?") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item from the Wellbeing Measurement Framework [43] | ||
Yes | 5275 | (47.98%) | ||
No | 5739 | (52.11%) | ||
Suboptimal Physical Health (7.21% Missing Data) | Responded 'fair’ or ‘poor’ to the #BeeWell item on physical health ("In general would you say your physical health is") Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1) | Item from the Understanding Society Youth Questionnaire [39] | ||
Yes | 1528 | (13.58%) | ||
N | 9727 | (86.42%) | ||
Wellbeing outcome variables (T2) | Mean | S.D. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
LS—Overall Life Satisfaction (8.00% Missing Data) | 6.75 | (2.41) | #BeeWell's 0–10 life satisfaction scale ("Overall, how satisfied are you with your life nowadays?"; 0 = Not at all, 10 = Completely) | Item from the Office for National Statistics’ personal wellbeing item bank [44] |
MH—Internalising Symptoms (10.52% Missing Data) | 12.40 | (4.83) | 0–20 scale derived the 10 #BeeWell negative affect items | Items from the emotional difficulties subscale of the Me and My Feelings questionnaire [45] |
Protective factors (T1) | n | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep hygiene (7.86% Missing Data) | #BeeWell's item on sleep hygiene: "Is the amount of sleep you normally get enough for you to feel awake and concentrate on your school work during the day?" (Yes/No) | Item from the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40] | ||
Yes | 7351 | (65.77%) | ||
No | 3826 | (34.23%) | ||
Mean | S.D. | |||
Physical activity | 354.89 | (233.87) | Scale from 0 to 840 min (0, 30, 60, 90,…840) derived from two #BeeWell items: (i) how many days in a usual week they are physically active; and, (ii) on those days, how long on average they spend being physically active. The resultant data are combined to produce a continuous estimate of weekly physical activity | Items adapted from the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40] |
Self-Esteem (12.14% Missing Data) | 14.84 | (3.35) | 5–10 scale derived from the six #BeeWell items on self-esteem | |
Emotional Regulation (14.04% Missing Data) | 24.39 | (6.88) | 6–42 scale derived from the six #BeeWell items on emotional regulation | Items from the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Adolescent Short Form [48] |
Optimism | 12.04 | (3.72) | 4–20 scale derived from the four #BeeWell items on optimism | Items from the optimism subscale of the Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness, Happiness (EPOCH) measure of adolescent wellbeing [49] |
School Staff Support (9.93% Missing Data) | 15.22 | (3.94) | 4–20 scale derived from the 4 #BeeWell items on relationships with school staff | Items from the school connection subscale of the Student Resilience Survey [50] |
Friendships and Social Support (9.90% Missing Data) | 15.60 | (3.55) | 4–20 scale derived from the four #BeeWell items on friendships and social support | Items from the Child and Youth Resilience Measure [51] |
Parents/Carers Support (9.04% Missing Data) | 17.43 | (3.13) | 4–20 scale derived from the four #BeeWell items on relationships with parents/carers | Items from the family connection subscale of the Student Resilience Survey [50] |
Covariates (T1) | ||||
Gender (No Missing Data) | Identified by the local authority as male or female | Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities | ||
Male | 6225 | (48.65%) | ||
Female | 5898 | (51.35%) | ||
Ethnicity (2.46% Missing Data) | Categorised by the local authority as belonging to one of these ethnic groups | Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities | ||
White | 7741 | (65.43%) | ||
Black | 623 | (5.27%) | ||
Asian | 2091 | (17.67%) | ||
Chinese | 115 | (0.97%) | ||
Any Other Ethnic Group | 291 | (2.46%) | ||
Mixed Race | 701 | (5.93%) | ||
Unclassified | 269 | (2.27%) |