Parental psychological control and children’s self-esteem: A longitudinal investigation in children with and without oppositional defiant problems

Table 4 Model parameters of the time-constrained cross-lagged panel models

	Maternal model					Paternal model
	b	SE	β	95% CI	p	b	SE	β	95% CI	p
Autoregressive paths
Parental psychological control (T1 → T2)	0.36	0.04	0.41	[0.29, 0.43]	< 0.001	0.33	0.04	0.35	[0.25, 0.41]	< 0.001
Parental psychological control (T1 → T3)	0.16	0.05	0.18	[0.07, 0.26]	0.001	0.22	0.05	0.24	[0.12, 0.33]	< 0.001
Child self-esteem (T1 → T2)	0.40	0.04	0.43	[0.33, 0.47]	< 0.001	0.41	0.04	0.44	[0.34, 0.48]	< 0.001
Child self-esteem (T1 → T3)	0.21	0.05	0.23	[0.12, 0.31]	< 0.001	0.21	0.05	0.22	[0.11, 0.30]	< 0.001
Cross-lagged paths
Parental effect (Parental psychological control T1 → Child self-esteem T2)	−0.09	0.02	−0.17	[−0.13, −0.05]	< 0.001	−0.07	0.02	−0.12	[−0.10, −0.03]	0.001
Child effect (Child self-esteem T1 → Parental psychological control T2)	−0.15	0.06	−0.10	[−0.27, −0.04]	0.007	−0.10	0.06	−0.06	[−0.21, 0.02]	0.104
Concurrent associations
Parental psychological control T1 ↔ Child self-esteem T1	−0.10	0.03	−0.17	[−0.17, −0.03]	0.004	−0.14	0.03	−0.24	[−0.08, −0.14]	< 0.001
Parental psychological control T2 ↔ Child self-esteem T2	−0.09	0.02	−0.25	[−0.13, −0.05]	< 0.001	−0.08	0.02	−0.21	[−0.12, −0.04]	< 0.001
Parental psychological control T3 ↔ Child self-esteem T3	−0.06	0.02	−0.19	[−0.10, −0.02]	0.003	−0.08	0.02	−0.22	[−0.12, −0.04]	< 0.001

Note: In the time-constrained cross-lagged panel models, we constrained the autoregressive paths and cross-lagged paths to be identical from T1-T2 to T2-T3. Accordingly, we only report regression indices from T1-T2

ISSN: 1753-2000