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Table 2 The association of individual factors with social media threats

From: Social media threats and health among adolescents: evidence from the health behaviour in school-aged children study

Variable

Gender (ref. boy)

Age (ref. 11y)

Emotional intelligence (continuous)

13y

15y

OR (CI 95%)

p value

OR (CI 95%)

p value

OR (CI 95%)

p value

OR (CI 95%)

p value

Cyberbullying (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.28 (0.15–0.53)

< 0.001

1.62 (0.78–3.35)

0.198

2.82 (1.38–5.76)

0.005

0.40 (0.23–0.72)

0.003

 Weekly

0.32 (0.21–0.48)

< 0.001

2.24 (1.40–3.59)

< 0.001

2.05 (1.26–3.31)

0.004

0.71 (0.44–1.15)

0.162

 Monthly

1.10 (0.82–1.48)

0.517

1.02 (0.72–1.45)

0.892

1.12 (0.79–1.60)

0.519

0.89 (0.57–1.39)

0.605

Sexual harassment (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.51 (0.27–0.96)

0.038

1.82 (0.83–4.01)

0.135

3.72 (1.89–7.31)

< 0.001

0.34 (0.17–0.70)

0.005

 Weekly

0.91 (0.63–1.30)

0.601

3.31 (1.98–5.53)

< 0.001

4.43 (2.66–7.36)

< 0.001

0.73 (0.47–1.14)

0.169

 Monthly

2.53 (1.75–3.64)

< 0.001

2.03 (1.36–3.01)

< 0.001

4.24 (2.95–6.07)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.61–1.43)

0.753

Racism (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.47 (0.31–0.70)

< 0.001

5.36 (3.06–9.38)

< 0.001

7.19 (4.15–12.45)

< 0.001

0.57 (0.36–0.89)

0.015

 Weekly

1.40 (1.10–1.79)

0.006

3.04 (2.23–4.14)

< 0.001

3.52 (2.54–4.87)

< 0.001

0.80 (0.55–1.15)

0.221

 Monthly

1.89 (1.49–2.41)

< 0.001

2.61 (1.98–3.45)

< 0.001

2.92 (2.19–3.90)

< 0.001

1.21 (0.82–1.78)

0.336

Unauthorized distribution of sensitive material (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.37 (0.24–0.57)

< 0.001

3.15 (1.81–5.49)

< 0.001

5.86 (3.40–10.10)

< 0.001

0.57 (0.35–0.94)

0.026

 Weekly

0.91 (0.71–1.16)

0.436

2.87 (2.13–3.88)

< 0.001

4.61 (3.41–6.23)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.63–1.33)

0.640

 Monthly

1.15 (0.92–1.44)

0.215

2.05 (1.60–2.63)

< 0.001

3.04 (2.31–4.01)

< 0.001

0.96 (0.65–1.41)

0.824

Phishing attempts (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.18 (0.11–0.32)

< 0.001

2.07 (0.98–4.39)

0.057

4.78 (2.44–9.38)

< 0.001

0.49 (0.29–0.84)

0.010

 Weekly

0.43 (0.32–0.57)

< 0.001

2.20 (1.56–3.11)

< 0.001

2.79 (1.96–3.96)

< 0.001

0.76 (0.49–1.17)

0.203

 Monthly

1.16 (0.93–1.45)

0.194

1.99 (1.49–2.68)

< 0.001

3.39 (2.59–4.46)

< 0.001

1.09 (0.79–1.52)

0.601

Misinformation (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.47 (0.34–0.66)

< 0.001

3.29 (2.18–4.97)

< 0.001

5.62 (3.69–8.57)

< 0.001

1.03 (0.64–1.65)

0.911

 Weekly

1.12 (0.87–1.45)

0.378

2.77 (2.07–3.70)

< 0.001

3.73 (2.62–5.31)

< 0.001

1.22 (0.80–1.84)

0.356

 Monthly

1.34 (1.02–1.75)

0.033

1.42 (1.04–1.94)

0.028

1.53 (1.06–2.19)

0.022

1.21 (0.73–2.01)

0.463

Sale or distribution of drugs (ref. never)

        

 Daily

1.08 (0.75–1.54)

0.691

7.71 (4.27–13.94)

< 0.001

20.89 (11.86–36.80)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.64–1.51)

0.928

 Weekly

1.19 (0.90–1.56)

0.215

5.21 (3.72–7.28)

< 0.001

11.11 (7.90–15.61)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.65–1.31)

0.651

 Monthly

1.25 (0.93–1.68)

0.133

3.12 (2.24–4.33)

< 0.001

4.95 (3.51–6.98)

< 0.001

0.82 (0.56–1.20)

0.303

Harmful social media challenges (ref. never)

        

 Daily

0.42 (0.27–0.65)

< 0.001

2.00 (1.19–3.38)

0.009

4.24 (2.58–6.96)

< 0.001

0.70 (0.45–1.10)

0.123

 Weekly

1.13 (0.89–1.42)

0.319

2.55 (1.90–3.41)

< 0.001

3.43 (2.53–4.64)

< 0.001

0.85 (0.57–1.27)

0.421

 Monthly

1.89 (1.53–2.35)

< 0.001

1.92 (1.48–2.51)

< 0.001

2.58 (1.96–3.39)

< 0.001

0.87 (0.59–1.28)

0.473

Content that causes appearance pressures (ref. never)

        

 Daily

6.71 (4.51–9.98)

< 0.001

4.27 (2.70–6.78)

< 0.001

5.85 (3.64–9.42)

< 0.001

0.62 (0.35–1.08)

0.088

 Weekly

4.79 (3.65–6.29)

< 0.001

3.55 (2.53–4.96)

< 0.001

5.68 (4.12–7.85)

< 0.001

0.82 (0.57–1.17)

0.276

 Monthly

3.71 (2.84–4.84)

< 0.001

2.93 (2.14–4.01)

< 0.001

2.75 (1.97–3.83)

< 0.001

0.87 (0.56–1.35)

0.522

  1. Fixed-effect multinomial logistic regression models: odds ratios (OR); 95% confidence intervals (CI); ref. reference category.
  2. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 . The significant associations have been bolded
  3. Regression models for each social media threat were run separately. The models were adjusted for gender, age, emotional intelligence, FAS, family support, friend support, PSMU, online communication with strangers. Social media threats were treated as outcome variables in the models
  4. Emotional intelligence was only included for 15-year-olds
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000