Skip to main content

Table 5 The association of social media threats with health

From: Social media threats and health among adolescents: evidence from the health behaviour in school-aged children study

Variable

Self-rated health (ref. good self-rated health)

Depressive feelings (ref. no frequent depressive feelings)

Anxiety (ref. no frequent anxiety)

OR (CI 95%)

p value

OR (CI 95%)

p value

OR (CI 95%)

p value

Cyberbullying (ref. never)

      

Daily

2.55 (1.31–4.97)

0.006

3.15 (1.69–5.85)

< 0.001

2.99 (1.59–5.61)

< 0.001

Weekly

3.20 (1.97–5.21)

< 0.001

2.75 (1.67–4.53)

< 0.001

3.63 (2.37–5.54)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.97 (1.35–2.88)

< 0.001

2.48 (1.79–3.43)

< 0.001

2.60 (1.84–3.66)

< 0.001

Sexual harassment (ref. never)

      

Daily

3.14 (1.50–6.61)

0.004

4.08 (2.16–7.71)

< 0.001

3.62 (2.05–6.41)

< 0.001

Weekly

3.37 (2.24–5.08)

< 0.001

2.49 (1.66–3.73)

< 0.001

3.07 (2.10–4.50)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.54 (1.06–2.24)

0.023

2.22 (1.64–3.01)

< 0.001

2.34 (1.70–3.23)

< 0.001

Racism (ref. never)

      

Daily

2.53 (1.57–4.09)

< 0.001

4.42 (2.66–7.33)

< 0.001

3.47 (2.26–5.34)

< 0.001

Weekly

1.98 (1.41–2.79)

< 0.001

2.87 (2.13–3.86)

< 0.001

2.99 (2.27–3.94)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.01 (0.70–1.45)

0.977

1.47 (1.10–1.97)

0.010

1.62 (1.25–2.11)

< 0.001

Unauthorized distribution (ref. never)

      

Daily

3.32 (1.97–5.59)

< 0.001

3.51 (2.16–5.72)

< 0.001

3.12 (1.94–5.04)

< 0.001

Weekly

2.38 (1.71–3.32)

< 0.001

2.19 (1.62–2.97)

< 0.001

3.57 (2.59–4.92)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.35 (0.96–1.91)

0.084

1.53 (1.13–2.09)

0.007

1.65 (1.25–2.18)

< 0.001

Phishing attempts (ref. never)

      

Daily

3.81 (2.10–6.88)

< 0.001

3.37 (1.99–5.72)

< 0.001

4.34 (2.62–7.18)

< 0.001

Weekly

3.06 (2.10–4.46)

< 0.001

2.61 (1.85–3.69)

< 0.001

3.04 (2.18–4.24)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.89 (1.34–2.67)

< 0.001

1.33 (1.01–1.75)

0.044

1.73 (1.30–2.30)

< 0.001

Misinformation (ref. never)

      

Daily

2.83 (1.68–4.76)

< 0.001

4.15 (2.63–6.54)

< 0.001

3.78 (2.47–5.78)

< 0.001

Weekly

1.93 (1.22–3.05)

0.005

2.53 (1.73–3.69)

< 0.001

2.72 (1.97–3.74)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.43 (0.87–2.36)

0.159

1.54 (1.02–2.31)

0.040

1.33 (0.93–1.90)

0.121

Sale or distribution of drugs (ref. never)

      

Daily

2.02 (1.26–3.24)

0.004

3.20 (2.17–4.73)

< 0.001

3.94 (2.72–5.70)

< 0.001

Weekly

1.80 (1.26–2.58)

0.001

1.86 (1.38–2.52)

< 0.001

2.75 (2.06–3.67)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.16 (0.77–1.75)

0.479

1.43 (1.02–1.99)

0.038

1.62 (1.17–2.24)

0.004

Harmful social media challenges (ref. never)

      

Daily

2.13 (1.24–3.66)

0.007

4.18 (2.56–6.84)

< 0.001

4.58 (2.70–7.77)

< 0.001

Weekly

1.65 (1.13–2.42)

0.011

2.42 (1.80–3.26)

< 0.001

2.81 (2.09–3.76)

< 0.001

Monthly

1.11 (0.80–1.55)

0.524

1.59 (1.18–2.13)

0.002

1.80 (1.39–2.34)

< 0.001

Content that causes appearance pressures (ref. never)

      

Daily

5.12 (3.39–7.74)

< 0.001

8.89 (6.21–12.73)

< 0.001

6.96 (4.85–9.97)

< 0.001

Weekly

2.14 (1.48–3.10)

< 0.001

3.32 (2.46–4.48)

< 0.001

4.94 (3.72–6.55)

< 0.001

Monthly

0.98 (0.61–1.57)

0.925

1.65 (1.17–2.33)

0.004

2.02 (1.50–2.73)

< 0.001

  1. Fixed-effect multinomial logistic regression models: odds ratios (OR); 95% confidence intervals (CI); ref. reference category
  2. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The significant associations have been bolded
  3. Regression models for each social media threat were run separately. Health outcomes were treated as outcome variables in the models
  4. The models were adjusted for gender, age, FAS
Back to article page

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000