Table 1 Characteristics and comparison of the study population
Characteristics | Total (N = 3829) | No separation (N = 3125) | Separation < 3 m (N = 306) | Separation ≥ 3 m (N = 398) | F(H)/χ2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | M ± SD/n (%) | N | M ± SD/n (%) | N | M ± SD/n (%) | N | M ± SD/n (%) | ||
Gender | 3829 | 3125 | 306 | 398 | 5.57 | ||||
Male | 2018 (52.7%) | 1674 (53.6%) | 154 (50.3%) | 190 (47.7%) | |||||
Female | 1811 (47.3%) | 1451(46.4%) | 152 (49.7%) | 208 (52.3%) | |||||
Age in 2010, years | 3829 | 9.2 ± 3.5 | 3125 | 9.3 ± 3.5 | 306 | 8.9 ± 3.6 | 398 | 8.2 ± 3.3 | 19.86*** |
Age in 2018, years | 3829 | 17.2 ± 3.5 | 3125 | 17.3 ± 3.5 | 306 | 16.9 ± 3.6 | 398 | 16.2 ± 3.3 | 20.11*** |
Residence | 3829 | 3125 | 306 | 398 | 1.42 | ||||
Rural | 1965 (51.3%) | 1602 (51.3%) | 150 (49%) | 213 (53.5%) | |||||
Urban/town | 1864 (48.7%) | 1523 (48.7%) | 156 (51%) | 185 (46.5%) | |||||
Ethnicity | 3829 | 3125 | 306 | 398 | 56.56*** | ||||
Han | 3384 (88.4%) | 2797 (89.5%) | 230 (75.2%) | 357 (89.7%) | |||||
other | 445 (11.6%) | 328 (10.5%) | 76 (24.8%) | 41 (10.3%) | |||||
Gestation, months | 3793 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 3100 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 305 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 388 | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 1.71 |
Birthweight, kg | 3115 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 2548 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 262 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 305 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 1.81 |
BMI at 2010 (kg / m2) | 3560 | 17.8 ± 4.9 | 2902 | 17.8 ± 4.8 | 296 | 18.4 ± 5.8 | 362 | 17.4 ± 5.1 | 3.56* |
Education stage in 2018 | 2856 | 2291 | 236 | 329 | 23.32*** | ||||
Primary school | 523 (18.3%) | 400 (17.5%) | 46 (19.5%) | 77 (23.4%) | |||||
Middle school | 1042 (36.5%) | 813 (35.5%) | 98 (41.5%) | 131 (39.8%) | |||||
High school /technical school | 748 (26.2%) | 621 (27.1%) | 46 (19.5%) | 81 (24.6%) | |||||
College or higher | 543 (19.0%) | 457 (19.9%) | 46 (19.5%) | 40 (12.2%) | |||||
CES-D8 score in 2018, range 0–24 | 3829 | 4.6 ± 3.2 | 3125 | 4.5 ± 3.2 | 306 | 4.5 ± 3.3 | 398 | 4.9 ± 3.3 | (5.65) |
Social and academic performance in 2018 | |||||||||
Parent–child relationship, range 0–10 | 3829 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 3125 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 306 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 398 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 11.8*** |
Peer relationship, range 0–10 | 3829 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 3125 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 306 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 398 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 1.92 |
Academic performance, range 1–5 | 2856 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 2291 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 236 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 329 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 2.19 |
Academic stress in 2018, range 1–5 | 2856 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2291 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 236 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 329 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 1.22 |
School location in 2018 | 2855 | 2290 | 236 | 329 | 19.92** | ||||
Provincial capital city | 420 (14.7%) | 353 (15.4%) | 40 (16.9%) | 27 (8.2%) | |||||
Prefecture-level city | 696(24.4%) | 574 (25.1%) | 52 (22.0%) | 70 (21.3%) | |||||
County seat | 765 (26.8%) | 601 (26.2%) | 67 (28.4%) | 97 (29.5%) | |||||
Rural | 974 (34.1%) | 762 (33.3%) | 77 (32.6%) | 135 (41.0%) | |||||
Parents' characteristics in 2010 | |||||||||
Paternal age | 3810 | 37.4 ± 5.7 | 3111 | 37.8 ± 5.7 | 305 | 36.7 ± 5.9 | 394 | 34.9 ± 5.0 | 46.1*** |
Maternal age | 3795 | 35.5 ± 5.5 | 3104 | 35.9 ± 5.5 | 304 | 34.7 ± 5.5 | 387 | 33.0 ± 5.2 | 52.3*** |
Paternal educational level | 3762 | 3072 | 304 | 386 | 6.71 | ||||
No formal education | 578 (15.4%) | 468 (15.2%) | 58 (19.1%) | 52 (13.5%) | |||||
Primary school | 973 (25.9%) | 806 (26.2%) | 69 (22.7%) | 98 (25.4%) | |||||
Middle school | 1566 (41.6%) | 1275 (41.5%) | 120 (39.5%) | 171 (44.3%) | |||||
High school/Technical school | 463 (12.3%) | 374 (12.2%) | 41 (13.5%) | 48 (12.4%) | |||||
College or higher | 182 (4.8%) | 149 (4.9%) | 16 (5.3%) | 17 (4.4%) | |||||
Maternal educational level | 3753 | 3078 | 299 | 376 | 22.87** | ||||
No formal education | 978 (26.1%) | 805 (26.2%) | 95 (31.8%) | 78 (20.7%) | |||||
Primary school | 1034 (27.6%) | 861 (28.0%) | 67 (22.4%) | 106 (28.2%) | |||||
Middle school | 1299 (34.6%) | 1040 (33.8%) | 101 (33.8%) | 158 (42.0%) | |||||
High school/Technical school | 294 (7.8%) | 253 (8.2%) | 20 (6.7%) | 21 (5.6%) | |||||
College or higher | 148 (3.9%) | 119 (3.9%) | 16 (5.4%) | 13 (3.5%) | |||||
Parental marital status | 3779 | 3092 | 302 | 385 | 7.15* | ||||
In marriage | 3687 (97.6%) | 3023 (97.8%) | 296 (98.0%) | 368 (95.6%) | |||||
Divorced/Single/Widowed | 92 (2.4%) | 69 (2.2%) | 6 (2.0%) | 17 (4.4%) | |||||
Family characteristics | |||||||||
Family size in 2018 | 3829 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 3125 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 306 | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 398 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 6.84** |
Net household income per capita in 2018 (CNY)a | 3172 | 12,330 (5,738, 22,987) | 2576 | 12,675 (6000, 23,333) | 264 | 10,711 (5487, 21,418) | 332 | 10,293 (4215 19,654) | (13.11)** |