Table 1 Patient demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of weighted cohorts
ADHD-only cohort N = 204,723 | ADHD+anxiety/depression cohorta N = 66,231 | Standardized differenceb | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics as of index date | |||
Age (years), mean ± SD [median] | 11.9 ± 2.9 [11.8] | 11.9 ± 2.9 [11.8] | 0.00 |
Sex, n (%) | |||
Male | 149,077 (72.8%) | 48,229 (72.8%) | 0.00 |
Female | 55,646 (27.2%) | 18,002 (27.2%) | 0.00 |
Regionc, n (%) | |||
South | 99,717 (48.7%) | 32,260 (48.7%) | 0.00 |
Midwest | 56,583 (27.6%) | 18,305 (27.6%) | 0.00 |
Northeast | 31,258 (15.3%) | 10,112 (15.3%) | 0.00 |
West | 17,038 (8.3%) | 5,512 (8.3%) | 0.00 |
Health plan typec, n (%) | |||
Preferred provider organization | 161,833 (79.0%) | 52,356 (79.0%) | 0.00 |
Health maintenance organization | 22,338 (10.9%) | 7,227 (10.9%) | 0.00 |
Point of service | 13,603 (6.6%) | 4,401 (6.6%) | 0.00 |
Consumer directed health care | 4,924 (2.4%) | 1,593 (2.4%) | 0.00 |
Indemnity/traditional | 1,992 (1.0%) | 644 (1.0%) | 0.00 |
Clinical characteristics during baseline | |||
Time from first observed ADHD diagnosis to first ADHD treatment (months), mean ± SD [median] | 1.4 ± 4.4 [0.1] | 1.4 ± 4.4 [0.1] | 0.00 |
Time from first observed ADHD diagnosis to index date (months), mean ± SD [median] | 13.8 ± 12.7 [10.2] | 13.8 ± 12.7 [9.8] | 0.00 |
Number of ADHD treatments received between diagnosis and index date, mean ± SD [median] | 2.3 ± 2.5 [2.0] | 2.3 ± 2.5 [2.0] | 0.00 |
0, n (%) | 43,735 (21.4%) | 14,149 (21.4%) | 0.00 |
1, n (%) | 53,153 (26.0%) | 17,196 (26.0%) | 0.00 |
≥ 2, n (%) | 107,835 (52.7%) | 34,886 (52.7%) | 0.00 |
Type of ADHD at most recent diagnosis on or prior to index date, n (%) | |||
Combined presentation | 114,954 (56.2%) | 37,189 (56.2%) | 0.00 |
Inattentive | 50,233 (24.5%) | 16,251 (24.5%) | 0.00 |
Hyperactive | 12,075 (5.9%) | 3,906 (5.9%) | 0.00 |
Other/unspecified | 27,461 (13.4%) | 8,884 (13.4%) | 0.00 |
Psychiatric comorbiditiesd, n (%) | |||
Anxiety | 0 (0.0%) | 53,784 (81.2%) | 2.94† |
Depression | 0 (0.0%) | 26,453 (39.9%) | 1.15† |
Neurodevelopmental disorders (excluding ADHD) | 15,917 (7.8%) | 13,712 (20.7%) | 0.38† |
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders | 11,742 (5.7%) | 10,213 (15.4%) | 0.32† |
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders | 9,686 (4.7%) | 10,526 (15.9%) | 0.37† |
Sleep-wake disorders | 5,220 (2.5%) | 5,219 (7.9%) | 0.24† |
Elimination disorders | 1,632 (0.8%) | 1,179 (1.8%) | 0.09 |
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders | 1,141 (0.6%) | 2,831 (4.3%) | 0.24† |
Bipolar and related disorders | 618 (0.3%) | 6,193 (9.4%) | 0.43† |
Most common physical comorbiditiese, n (%) | |||
Chronic pulmonary disease | 12,284 (6.0%) | 5,422 (8.2%) | 0.09 |
Other neurological disordersf | 3,538 (1.7%) | 2,060 (3.1%) | 0.09 |
Obesity | 3,352 (1.6%) | 1,855 (2.8%) | 0.08 |
Cardiac arrhythmias | 1,539 (0.8%) | 1,244 (1.9%) | 0.10† |
Treatment characteristics | |||
ADHD treatment initiated at index dateg, n (%) | |||
Stimulant | 187,029 (91.4%) | 52,650 (79.5%) | 0.34† |
Non-stimulants | 20,938 (10.2%) | 15,055 (22.7%) | 0.34† |
Pharmacological treatments during baselineg, n (%) | |||
ADHD treatments | 155,844 (76.1%) | 49,778 (75.2%) | 0.02 |
Stimulants | 147,380 (72.0%) | 42,745 (64.5%) | 0.16† |
Non-stimulants | 21,461 (10.5%) | 13,964 (21.1%) | 0.29† |
Antianxiety agents | 2,543 (1.2%) | 5,050 (7.6%) | 0.31† |
Antidepressants | 9,494 (4.6%) | 33,783 (51.0%) | 1.21† |
Non-pharmacological treatments during baselineh | |||
Psychotherapy, n (%) | 30,852 (15.1%) | 40,119 (60.6%) | 1.06† |
Number of psychotherapy visits, mean ± SD [median] | 5.0 ± 5.3 [3.0] | 7.4 ± 6.9 [5.0] | 0.39† |
Specialist visits, n (%) | 24,968 (12.2%) | 29,087 (43.9%) | 0.76† |
Number of specialist visits, mean ± SD [median] | 2.5 ± 4.0 [2.0] | 3.8 ± 4.8 [2.0] | 0.29† |