Table 1 Sample characteristics and comparison of subgroups based on depressive symptomatology (N = 9509)

Female gender, n (%)

3469 (51.9)^a

1203 (70.5)^b

903 (81.0)^c

χ² (2) = 455.16

 < 0.001

V = 0.22

Age, M (SD)

14.90 (2.36)^a

15.53 (2.35)^b

15.55 (2.28)^b

H (2) = 198.72

 < 0.001

r = 0.11–0.22

Family affluence (FAS), M (SD)

6.69 (1.76)^a

6.13 (1.89)^b

5.93 (1.85)^c

H (2) = 247.22

 < 0.001

r = 0.06–0.15

Psychosocial risk factors, M (SD)

3.61 (1.15)^a

4.09 (1.48)^b

4.35 (1.60)^c

H (2) = 210.056

 < 0.001

r = 0.04–0.19

Migration background, n (%)

1823 (27.3)^a

602 (35.3)^b

415 (37.2)^b

χ² (2) = 74.44

 < 0.001

V = 0.09

Current suicidal ideation (PHQ-A), n (%)

168 (2.5)^a

229 (13.4)^b

506 (45.4)^c

χ² (2) = 2080.83

 < 0.001

V = 0.47

Lifetime suicide attempt (PHQ-A), n (%)

191 (2.9)^a

175 (10.3)^b

308 (27.6)^c

χ² (2) = 921.90

 < 0.001

V = 0.31