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Table 2 Correlates of S/R use among 782 children and adolescents between April 2019 and April 2022

From: Children and adolescents at risk for seclusion and restraint in inpatient psychiatric treatment: a case control study

 

Univariate model (p < 0.0028)

Multivariate model (p < 0.05)

Variable

B

OR (p)

95% CI

B

OR (p)

95% CI

Age

0.073

1.08 (0.199)

0.96 − 1.20

0.011

1.01 (0.894)

0.86-1.19

Female sex

1.079

2.94 (0.002)

1.50–5.78

0.646

1.91 (0.119)

0.85-4.29

Length of stay

0.001

1.00 (0.755)

1.00–1.00

0.009

1.01 (0.004)

1.00-1.02

Prior admission

1.191

3.29 (< 0.001)

1.93–5.60

0.282

1.33 (0.407)

0.68-2.58

Out of home care

1.818

6.16 (< 0.001)

3.88–9.78

1.299

3.67 (< 0.001)

2.03–6.62

Psychiatric comorbidity

0.520

1.68 (0.021)

1.08–2.62

0.039

1.04 (0.907)

0.54 − 2.00

Primary diagnosis of 

     Schizophrenia spectrum disorder

−1.116

0.33 (0.128)

0.08-1.38

0.529

1.70 (0.529)

0.33-8.78

     PTSD

1.031

2.80 (< 0.001)

1.75–4.49

1.796

6.02 (< 0.001)

2.50-14.55

     PD

1.845

6.33 (< 0.001)

3.97–10.11

2.727

15.29 (< 0.001)

6.17–37.90

     ADHD or conduct disorder

0.063

1.07 (0.880)

0.47-2.43

1.499

4.48 (0.014)

1.35–14.89

     Manic episode or bipolar disorder

1.241

3.46 (0.155)

0.63-19.14

3.858

47.38 (< 0.001)

6.54-343.04

     Substance use disorder

−19.298

0.00 (0.999)

0–0

-16.980

0.00 (0.999)

0–0

     Depressive disorder

−1.425

0.24 (< 0.001)

0.10-0.56

0.562

1.76 (0.328)

0.57-5.42

     Anxiety disorder

− 0.987

0.37 (0.339)

0.05-2.82

0.581

1.79 (0.615)

0.19-17.16

Comorbid diagnosis of 

     PTSD

0.367

1.44 (0.259)

0.76-2.73

0.001

1.00 (0.999)

0.44-2.29

     PD

1.966

7.14 (< 0.001)

4.26–11.97

0.998

2.71 (0.007)

1.31–5.62

     Substance use disorder

− 0.491

0.61 (0.511)

0.14-2.64

0.026

1.03 (0.978)

0.17-6.26

     Intellectual disability

0.316

1.37 (0.686)

0.30-6.35

0.774

2.17 (0.403)

0.35-13.30

  1. ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PD = personality disorder; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; S/R = seclusion and/or restraint