The severity of perceived stress associated with community violence exposure and its role in future posttraumatic stress: findings from a longitudinal study of U.S. adolescents

Table 3 Effect sizes on PTSDsymptoms of each study variable

	PTSD-symptoms in year 2
	beta (95% CI)
CVE Witnessed
No CVE (Ref.)
CVE and no stress	0.190 (0.026, 0.354)*
CVE with little or some stress	0.176 (0.046, 0.306)**
CVE with moderate or a lot of stress	0.485 (0.346, 0.624)***
Sex (female)	0.255 (0.154, 356)***
Age	0.069 (-0.008, 0.147)
SES	0.024 (-0.033, 0.081)
African American	− 0.137 (-0.293, 0.018)
Hispanic	− 0.081 (-0.262, 0.100)
CVE Victimization
No CVE (Ref)
CVE and no stress	0.274 (0.091, 0.456)**
CVE with little or some stress	0.295 (0.146, 0.444)***
CVE with moderate or a lot of stress	0.439 (0.290, 0.587)***
Sex (female)	0.353 (0.252, 0.455)***
Age	0.088 (0.011, 0.165)*
SES	0.015 (-0.042, 0.071)
African American	− 0.104 (-0.259, 0.051)
Hispanic	− 0.025 (-0.207, 0.156)

CVE Community violence exposure, PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder, SES Socioeconomic status, Ref. Reference category
*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001

ISSN: 1753-2000