Table 2 Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis of current anxiety/depression with physical activity status, parental nativity, sociodemographic factors, and neighborhood characteristics among U.S. children (n = 140,977)

ADHD diagnosis status

 No ADHD

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 ADHD

6.70*** (6.20, 7.24)

7.23*** (6.67, 7.84)

5.82*** (4.78, 7.07)

5.81*** (6.26, 7.41)

7.24*** (6.68, 7.85)

5.17*** (4.20, 6.35)

Child’s number of days of physical activity

 0 days

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 1 to 3 days

0.54*** (0.49, 0.60)

0.59*** (0.53, 0.66)

0.58*** (0.51, 0.65)

0.60*** (0.53, 0.66)

0.60*** (0.54, 0.67)

0.57*** (0.50, 0.65)

 4 to 6 days

0.37*** (0.33, 0.41)

0.42*** (0.37, 0.47)

0.38*** (0.33, 0.43)

0.42*** (0.37, 0.47)

0.44*** (0.38, 0.50)

0.39*** (0.33, 0.45)

 Every day

0.31*** (0.28, 0.35)

0.41*** (0.36, 0.47)

0.35*** (0.30, 0.41)

0.41*** (0.36, 0.47)

0.42*** (0.36, 0.48)

0.35*** (0.30, 0.41)

Parental nativity

 Immigrant

0.49*** (0.43, 0.55)

0.58*** (0.51, 0.67)

0.58*** (0.51, 0.66)

0.53*** (0.45, 0.62)

0.67** (0.51, 0.88)

0.58** (0.42, 0.79)

 Non-immigrant

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Other (Parent unknown)

0.86* (0.75, 0.99)

1.09 (0.94, 1.26)

1.09 (0.94, 1.26)

1.03 (0.86, 1.24)

0.96 (0.71, 1.29)

0.79 (0.55, 1.14)

ADHD diagnosis status X Child’s number of days of physical activity

F (3, 140368) = 6.28, p < 0.001

 ADHD X 0 days

1 [Reference]

 ADHD X 1 to 3 days

1.12 (0.89, 1.41)

 ADHD X 4 to 6 days

1.40* (1.08, 1.80)

 ADHD X Every day

1.65*** (1.26, 2.15)

ADHD diagnosis status X parental nativity

F (2, 140369) = 3.27, p= 0.038

 ADHD X non-immigrant

1 [Reference]

 ADHD X immigrant

1.49* (1.08, 2.04)

 ADHD X Other (Parent unknown)

1.14 (0.85, 1.54)

Parental nativity X Child’s number of days of physical activity

F (6, 140365) = 1.06, p = 0.387

 Non-immigrant X 0 days

1 [Reference]

 Immigrant X 1 to 3 days

0.90 (0.65, 1.25)

 Other (Parent unknown) X 1 to 3 days

1.17 (0.81, 1.70)

 Immigrant X 4 to 6 days

0.70 (0.48, 1.00)

 Other (Parent unknown) X 4 to 6 days

1.08 (0.71, 1.66)

 Immigrant X Every day

0.84 (0.54, 1.30)

 Other (Parent unknown) X Every day

1.31 (0.86, 2.00)

ADHD X Parental nativity X Child’s number of days of physical activity

F (6, 140365) = 0.56, p = 0.763

 No ADHD X Non-immigrant X 0 days

1 [Reference]

 ADHD X Immigrant X 1 to 3 days

0.92 (0.40, 2.10)

 ADHD X Other (Parent unknown) X 1 to 3 days

0.51 (0.23, 1.13)

 ADHD X Immigrant X 4 to 6 days

0.94 (0.38, 2.32)

 ADHD X Other (Parent unknown) X 4 to 6 days

0.83 (0.34, 2.04)

 ADHD X Immigrant X Every day

1.02 (0.36, 2.87)

 ADHD X Other (Parent unknown) X Every day

0.61 (0.25, 1.51)

Child’s age (in years)

 6–11

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 12–17

1.81*** (1.68, 1.95)

1.81*** (1.68 1.95)

1.81*** (1.68, 1.95)

1.81*** (1.68, 1.95)

1.81*** (1.68, 1.95)

Child’s sex

 Male

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Female

1.58*** (1.47, 1.70)

1.57*** (1.46, 1.69)

1.58***(1.47, 1.70)

1.58***(1.47, 1.70)

1.57***(1.46, 1.69)

Child’s Race and Ethnicity

 Hispanic

0.77** (0.67, 0.87)

0.76*** (0.67, 0.87)

0.77*** (0.68, 0.88)

0.77*** (0.67, 0.87)

0.77*** (0.67, 0.88)

 Non-Hispanic Asian

0.36*** (0.28, 0.47)

0.36*** (0.28, 0.46)

0.38*** (0.29, 0.48)

0.36*** (0.28, 0.47)

0.37*** (0.29, 0.48)

 Non-Hispanic Black

0.45*** (0.39, 0.52)

0.45*** (0.39, 0.51)

0.45*** (0.40, 0.52)

0.45*** (0.39, 0.52)

0.45*** (0.40, 0.52)

 Non-Hispanic White

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Other/Multi-racial, non-Hispanic

0.97 (0.85, 1.11)

0.97 (0.85, 1.11)

0.97 (0.85, 1.11)

0.97 (0.85, 1.11)

0.98 (0.86, 1.12)

Child’s nativity

 Born in the U.S.

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Born outside U.S.

0.92 (0.72, 1.19)

0.92 (0.71, 1.19)

0.93 (0.72, 1.21)

0.91 (0.71, 1.18)

0.92 (0.72, 1.19)

Educational level of adults in child’s household

 Less than high school

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 High school or GED

1.21 (0.96, 1.53)

1.21 (0.97, 1.53)

1.20 (0.95, 1.51)

1.22 (0.97, 1.54)

1.21 (0.96, 1.52)

 Some college/technical school

1.38** (1.11, 1.72)

1.38** (1.11, 1.72)

1.36** (1.09, 1.70)

1.39** (1.16, 1.73)

1.37** (1.10, 1.71)

 College degree or higher

1.52*** (1.22, 1.88)

1.52*** (1.23, 1.89)

1.49*** (1.20, 1.86)

1.52*** (1.23, 1.90)

1.51*** (1.21, 1.87)

Neighborhood safety

 Unsafe neighborhood

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Safe neighborhood

0.65*** (0.54, 0.80)

0.65*** (0.53, 0.79)

0.65*** (0.54, 0.80)

0.65*** (0.54, 0.80)

0.65*** (0.53, 0.79)

Neighborhood support/cohesion/social capital (Mean [SD])

0.91*** (0.89, 0.93)

0.91*** (0.89, 0.93)

0.91*** (0.89, 0.93)

0.91*** (0.89, 0.93)

0.91*** (0.89, 0.93)

Neighborhood amenities

 None

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Neighborhood contains 1 to 4 amenities

1.22** (1.09, 1.36)

1.22** (1.09, 1.37)

1.22** (1.09, 1.36)

1.22** (1.09, 1.36)

1.22** (1.09, 1.36)

Neighborhood detracting elements

 None

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

 Neighborhood has all 3 detracting elements

1.16** (1.06, 1.28)

1.16** (1.06, 1.27)

1.16** (1.06, 1.27)

1.16** (1.06, 1.28)

1.16** (1.05, 1.27)