Table 1 Demographic characteristics of adolescents and their parents in three waves (2016, 2018, 2020)
Wave 2016 | Wave 2018 | Wave 2020 | Chi-square/F Statistics | P value | Partial η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1,772) | (N = 1,772) | (N = 1,772) | ||||
n (%) | ||||||
Sex | - | - | - | |||
Female | 819 (46.2%) | 819 (46.2%) | 819 (46.2%) | |||
Male | 953 (53.8%) | 953 (53.8%) | 953 (53.8%) | |||
Father’s education level | - | - | - | |||
Elementary school or below | 798 (45.0%) | 798 (45.0%) | 798 (45.0%) | |||
Middle to high school | 927 (52.3%) | 927 (52.3%) | 927 (52.3%) | |||
University or above | 47 (2.7%) | 47 (2.7%) | 47 (2.7%) | |||
Mother’s education level | - | - | - | |||
Elementary school or below | 1008 (56.9%) | 1008 (56.9%) | 1008 (56.9%) | |||
Middle to high school | 726 (41.0%) | 726 (41.0%) | 726 (41.0%) | |||
University or above | 38 (2.1%) | 38 (2.1%) | 38 (2.1%) | |||
mean (SD) | ||||||
Age | 12.4 (1.68) | 14.4 (1.68) | 16.4 (1.68) | - | - | - |
Father’s income (yuan) | 10,611 (29,731) | 29,908 (16,555) | 33,450 (23,147) | 13.71 | < 0.001 | 0.31 |
Mother’s income (yuan) | 2248 (4511) | 17,130 (12,188) | 13,487 (11,718) | 26.51 | < 0.001 | 0.72 |
CESD-A | 3.8 (2.83) | 4.2 (3.10) | 4.7 (3.70) | 38.28 | < 0.001 | 0.04 |
CESD-F | 4.6 (3.60) | 5.3 (3.73) | 5.4 (4.01) | 35.87 | < 0.001 | 0.04 |
CESD-M | 5.4 (3.82) | 6.1 (4.00) | 6.1 (3.97) | 26.14 | < 0.001 | 0.03 |
Family conflict | 2.30 (1.30) | 2.33 (1.36) | 2.65 (1.44) | 35.01 | < 0.001 | 0.04 |
Adolescent -parent quarrels | 0.50 (0.74) | 0.53 (0.74) | 0.73 (0.81) | 47.71 | < 0.001 | 0.05 |
Parental quarrels | 0.80 (2.07) | 0.83 (2.24) | 1.38 (3.58) | 18.90 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
Heart-to-heart talks | 1.42 (0.78) | 1.41 (0.79) | 1.35 (0.76) | 5.34 | < 0.001 | 0.01 |