Fig. 2

Path analysis model showing the complex direct and indirect relationships of EF difficulties, positive parenting behaviors, child behavioral problems at ages 4 and 6, and subsequent outcomes of resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and child behavioral problems at 9 years of age adjusted for the child’s age, sex, primary caregiver, and maternal education. Chi-square = 22.417 (d.f. 20), p = 0.318, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.997, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.025, Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.973. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001