Longitudinal associations between executive function and positive parenting during early childhood and resilience, self-regulation, and behavioral problems in school-age children

Table 3 Bivariate correlations among key constructs

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Age at 9 years (months)	–
2. Male sex	0.02	–
3. Mother’s education (years)	− 0.16*	− 0.10	−
4. EF difficulties at age 4 years	0.06	0.29**	− 0.27**	−
5. EF difficulties at age 6 years	0.11	0.19**	− 0.10	0.62**	−
6. Positive parenting behaviors at age 4 years	− 0.01	− 0.09	0.28**	− 0.51**	− 0.36**	−
7. Positive parenting behaviors at age 6 years	− 0.04	− 0.19**	0.15*	− 0.44**	− 0.52**	0.59**	−
8. Child behavioral problems at age 4 years	0.02	0.11	− 0.22**	0.80**	0.57**	− 0.55**	− 0.48**	−
9. Child behavioral problems at age 6 years	0.03	0.18*	− 0.12	0.53**	0.70**	− 0.39**	− 0.54**	0.58**	−
10. Child behavioral problems at age 9 years	0.00	0.21**	− 0.15*	0.46**	0.57**	− 0.39**	− 0.37**	0.44**	0.63**	–
11. Resilience at age 9 years	− 0.05	− 0.09	− 0.01	− 0.14	− 0.17*	0.10	0.03	− 0.13	− 0.18*	− 0.22**	–	–
12. Self-regulatory efficacy at age 9 years	0.02	0.05	0.05	− 0.04	− 0.06	0.04	0.00	− 0.04	− 0.10	− 0.17*	0.63**	–

ISSN: 1753-2000