Table 5 Pre- and post-matching characteristics of young adults attending education or having a job at T0

%/M

%/M

%bias

%/M

%/M

%bias

Sociodemographic characteristics (%)

Male

92.6

89.8

9.9

92.5

93.8

5.2

 Migration background (%)

 Netherlands

49.8

48.2

3.2

49.5

45.3

8.4

 Morocco/Turkey

20.3

20.2

0.25

21.2

21.5

0.7

 Surinam/Neth. Antilles and Aruba

12.3

12.7

1.2

12.1

12.7

1.8

Other

17.5

18.9

3.6

17.3

20.5

8.2

Highest level of education pursued (%)

 Primary or lower secondary

36.0*

12.8

55.5

34.9

33.9

2.1

 Community college 1

4.0

3.4

3.2

3.6

4.2

3.1

 Community college 2

34.5

32.3

4.7

35.5

33.6

4.0

 Community college 3

8.0*

13.9

19.1

8.1

6.8

5.0

 Community college 4

13.2*

24.7

29.7

13.7

16.6

8.1

 Higher secondary or university

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Unknown

–

–

–

–

–

–

Type of household (%)

 With parents

69.2

68.0

2.6

70.0

66.4

7.7

 Independent

12.0*

16.5

12.9

12.1

14.0

5.6

 Independent with housemate(s)

5.8*

10.0

15.7

5.5

8.8

12.9

 Institutionalized

9.8*

2.5

31.9

9.4

8.1

4.6

 Unknown

3.1

3.1

0

2.9

2.6

1.8

Criminal case characteristics (M)

 Age at time of committing the crime

19.1

20.4

102.0

19.1

19.4

24.2*

 Start of criminal case since introduction ACL. in days

326.9

278.3

26.7

321.8

321.5

0.2

 Maximum possible sentence

5.9*

4.6

43.6

5.7

5.7

0

Type of crime (%)

 Violent crime

30.8

32.8

4.3

31.9

29.6

5.0

 Drug crime

6.2

7.6

5.5

6.5

7.8

5.1

 Sexual crime

3.7*

1.3

15.9

-

-

-

 Violent property crime

17.8*

4.6

43.9

14.7

15.0

0.8

 Non-violent property crime

39.1

35.1

8.3

40.1

39.7

0.8

 Vandalism and public disturbance

16.6*

26.0

23.1

16.6

19.2

6.8

 Other

8.3

10.2

6.6

8.8

8.8

0

Court District (%)

 Amsterdam

10.2

8.0

7.7

10.4

10.4

0

 North Holland

3.7

7.6

17.1

3.9

6.2

10.6

 Central Netherlands

12.3

12.2

0.3

13.0

11.4

4.9

 North Netherlands

10.5

9.5

3.3

10.7

9.1

5.4

 The Hague

10.2

13.3

9.6

9.4

11.4

6.6

 Rotterdam

17.2

14.9

6.3

16.6

19.9

8.6

 Limburg

6.8

5.3

6.3

7.2

4.6

11.16

 East Brabant

5.5

5.3

0.9

5.2

5.5

1.36

 Zealand West Brabant

5.2

5.2

0

5.2

3.9

6.3

 Gelderland

11.4

11.3

0.3

11.1

10.1

3.2

 Overijssel

7.1

5.9

4.9

7.2

7.5

1.1

Criminal career characteristics (M)

 Age at time first criminal case

16.5*

17.4

36.5

16.5

16.6

4.3

 Total number of criminal cases

3.0*

2.5

16.7

3.0

3.0

0

 Conviction density

1.2*

1.0

40.0

1.2

1.1

3.2

 Average maximum possible sentence

5.4*

4.4

43.9

5.2

5.3

4.1