Table 6 Pre- and post-matching characteristics of young adults who were not attending education had no income or were on (unemployment) benefits at T0

%/M

%/M

%bias

%/M

%/M

%bias

Sociodemographic characteristics (%)

Male

91.9*

88.1

12.7

92.1

94.8

11.0

Migration background (%)

 Netherlands

50.6*

37.7

26.1

50.0*

39.0

22.2*

 Morocco/Turkey

22.5

23.4

2.1

23.2

23.8

1.4

 Surinam/Neth. Antilles and Aruba

8.4*

14.8

20.2

8.5

9.8

4.5

Other

18.5*

24.1

13.7

18.3*

27.4

21.8*

Highest level of education pursued (%)

Primary or lower secondary

54.0*

29.1

51.1

53.7

46.3

14.8

Community college 1

4.0

4.7

3.4

4.3

3.4

4.7

Community college 2

24.0

25.4

3.2

24.1

21.0

7.4

Community college 3

4.3*

7.3

12.9

4.6

3.0

8.4

Community college 4

4.9*

11.7

25.2

4.9

7.9

12.3

Higher secondary or university

–

–

–

–

–

–

Unknown

–

–

–

–

–

–

Type of household (%)

 With parents

52.0*

44.0

16.0

51.8

50.9

1.8

 Independent

22.8

22.3

1.2

22.9

19.5

8.3

 Independent with housemate(s)

6.6

9.7

11.4

6.7

5.8

3.7

 Institutionalized

12.7*

6.1

23.0

12.5*

7.3

17.6

 Unknown

5.8*

17.9

38.7

6.1*

16.5

33.7*

Criminal case characteristics (M)

 Age at time of committing the crime

19.8

20.9

84.4

19.8

19.9

7.7

 Start of criminal case since introduction ACL in days

345.6

275.8

38.2

343.1

336.0

3.8

 Maximum possible sentence

5.7*

4.6

37.7

5.5

5.5

0

Type of crime (%)

 Violent crime

31.2

26.6

10.2

30.8

32.0

2.6

 Drug crime

5.8*

10.5

17.4

5.8

6.7

3.7

 Sexual crime

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Violent property crime

17.1*

4.4

43.0

14.3

14.6

0.9

 Non-violent property crime

42.5

46.6

8.3

43.3

40.2

6.3

 Vandalism and public disturbance

24.3

21.4

6.9

24.1

24.4

0.7

Other

10.1

10.9

2.6

9.8

8.8

3.4

District (%)

 Amsterdam

2.3*

7.7

25.8

2.4

5.8

17.5

 North Holland

6.9

9.5

9.5

7.3

6.1

4.8

 Central Netherlands

9.2

10.1

3.0

9.5

11.0

4.9

 North Netherlands

16.2*

8.9

22.3

7.3

6.1

4.8

 The Hague

6.1*

14.7

28.8

6.4

9.5

11.5

 Rotterdam

19.9*

14.6

14.1

19.5

17.4

5.4

 Limburg

6.9

6.5

1.6

7.0

4.0

13.3

 East Brabant

6.6

6.1

2.1

7.0

7.9

3.4

 Zealand West Brabant

7.2

6.8

1.6

6.7

8.5

6.8

 Gelderland

13.0*

9.6

10.8

12.8

12.2

1.8

 Overijssel

5.5

5.5

0

5.5

4.6

4.1

Criminal career characteristics (M)

 Age at time first criminal case

16.1*

16.8

26.3

16.1

16.3

8

 Total number of criminal cases

4.2

4.2

0

4.2

4.3

2.4

 Conviction density

1.2

1.1

16.7

1.2

1.2

0

 Average maximum possible sentence

4.9*

4.4

25.0

4.8

4.7

4.6