Table 7 Pre- and post-matching characteristics of young adults who were living independently at T0

%/M

%/M

%Bias

%/M

%/M

%Bias

Sociodemographic characteristics (%)

 Male

86.9

82.1

13.3

86.3

86.8

1.5

Migration background

 Netherlands

55.0

46.3

17.4

56.2

53.6

5.2

 Morocco/Turkey

13.1

16.1

8.5

13.7

15.7

5.7

 Surinam/Neth. Antilles and Aruba

12.5

17.1

13.0

11.8

11.8

0

 Other

19.4

20.4

2.5

18.3

19.0

1.8

Highest level of education pursued

 Primary or lower secondary

56.3*

25.9

62.9

54.9

47.7

14.4

 Community college 1

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Community college 2

26.3

29.4

6.9

27.5

26.8

1.6

 Community college 3

–

–

–

5.9

7.2

5.3

 Community college 4

6.9*

16.2

29.7

7.2

12.4

17.6

 Higher secondary or university

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Unknown

–

–

–

–

–

–

Working/schooling participation

 Employed

7.5*

15.7

26.0

7.8

13.1

17.5

 Unemployment benefits

50.0*

37.5

25.3

50.3

43.8

13.0

 Student

28.7

26.2

5.6

28.1

28.1

0

 No registered income

13.8*

20.6

18.1

13.7

15.0

3.7

Criminal case characteristics (M)

 Age at time of committing the crime

19.6

21.0

103.6

19.7

19.9

16.6

 Start of criminal case since introduction ACL. in days

325.6

269.4

32.2

323.4

321.6

0.9

 Maximum possible sentence

5.6*

4.4

43.5

5.5

5.6

1.8

Type of crime (%)

 Violent crime

27.5

31.6

9.0

28.1

23.5

10.5

 Drug crime

5.6

8.4

11.0

5.9

7.8

7.5

 Sexual crime

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Violent property crime

17.5*

4.5

43.6

15.0

14.4

1.7

 Non-violent property crime

46.9

42.0

9.9

48.4

5.1

5.2

 Vandalism and public disturbance

21.3

23.7

5.7

20.9

16.0

12.7

 Other

10.6

11.3

2.2

11.1

9.2

6.3

District (%)

 Amsterdam

–

–

–

–

–

–

 North Holland

6.9

6.9

0

5.9

10.5

16.9

 Central Netherlands

–

–

–

5.9

9.2

12.6

 North Netherlands

18.8*

11.3

21.1

19.0

18.3

1.8

 The Hague

8.1

12.8

15.5

8.5

9.8

4.5

 Rotterdam

11.3

15.5

12.4

11.1

11.1

0

 Limburg

6.9

6.3

2.4

–

–

–

 East Brabant

8.1*

4.4

15.5

8.5

0.078

2.6

 Zealand West Brabant

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Gelderland

16.3

12.5

10.8

15.7

14.4

3.6

 Overijssel

9.4

7.2

8.0

9.2

9.2

0

Criminal career characteristics (M)

 Age at time first criminal case

16.2*

17.0

31.2

16.2

16.3

3.0

 Total number of criminal cases

3.8

3.7

2.7

3.8

3.6

3.6

 Conviction density

1.1

1.0

16.7

1.1

1.1

3.7

 Average maximum possible sentence criminal career

4.7

4.3

21.6

4.6

4.6

0.3